J. Douglas Bremner
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 In 2006 a large, well-controlled study assigned 1,583 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee to glucosamine, chondroitin, a glucosamine/chon-droitin combination, celecoxib, or placebo for six months of treatment. A positive treatment outcome was defined as a 20% change in knee-pain severity. Sixty percent of placebo patients responded to treatment vs. 67% of glucosamine/chondroitin patients, a difference that was not statistically significant. Celecoxib had a 70% response, which was statistically significantly better than that of placebo. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 No studies have been published on over-the-counter preparations of chondroitin sulfates and glucosamine preparations; however, a link has been established between chondroitin and IC.22 A GAG in the form of N-acetyl glucosamine or glucosamine sulfate can be used as part of a multifactorial approach to repair the bladder epithelium.
Glucosamine Sulfate
750 mg twice daily
N-Acetyl Glucosamine
500 mg twice daily
Vitamin A. |
Carol Simontacchi
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 GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN
Glucosamine and chondroitin are both natural substances found in the body. Glucosamine is an amino sugar—a compound consisting of an amino acid and a sugar molecule—that is synthesized by every cell in the body. It is found in particularly high concentrations in the cartilage and other connective tissues, and, among its many functions, it plays a role in the formation of cartilage. chondroitin sulfate is part of a large protein molecule that gives cartilage its elasticity. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 You might find a lot of formulas with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and MSM in them. They're foundational nutrients.
Now we go to the next level. You have inflammation in the joints. You need to knock that inflammation down. The nutrients we just talked about slowly rebuild and repair connective tissues over the course of weeks or months. We put other nutrients in Joint Health Formula that act much more quickly, like tumeric and quercetin chalcone.
If you have inflammation, you have pain. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
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 In a separate 1-year, double-blind study of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, supplementing with 800 mg per day of chondroitin sulfate significantly reduced pain, improved overall joint mobility, and appeared to slow the degenetation of joint cartilage.11 Improvement was evident after 3 months of treatment, and it became more marked after 12 months. Another study also showed that administering chondroitin sulfate may help prevent further joint damage in individuals with osteoarthritis. |
Carol Simontacchi
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| Supplements of glucosamine and chondroitin, which are extracted from animal tissue, have been found to support cartilage repair, thereby reducing both pain and inflammation. Many researchers have found that effectiveness is increased by using these products together.
The Science Behind It
Glucosamine and chondroitin have been studied for many years. |
| Because chondroitin has blood-thinning effects, people who have bleeding disorders or are taking aspirin or blood-thinning medications should have their blood-clotting times checked.
The Recommended Doses
The standard recommended dosage for these supplements is 1,500 mg of glucosamine and 1,200 mg of chondroitin per day, divided into several doses.
ESSENTIAL MINERALS
Every cell in the body depends on minerals. Minerals are needed for the proper composition of body fluids, the formation of blood and bone, the maintenance of healthy nerve function, and the regulation of muscle tone. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
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| It is possible that chondroitin sulfate confers certain benefits that are not obtainable with glucosamine. We usually recommend glucosamine sulfate for our patients, without the addition of chondroitin sulfate. However, we have no objection if someone wants to use the more expensive combination treatment.
Vitamin E and Selenium
Vitamin E has a mild anti-inflammatory effect, similar to that of aspirin-like drugs. Although vitamin E is not nearly as strong as aspirin and related drugs, it also doesn't produce any of the side effects associated with these drugs. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 Oil Those Joints
Cetyl myristoleate or CMO is less known than glucosamine or chondroitin, but is also worth knowing about if you have arthritis pain. Clinical studies have shown that it increases joint mobility for up to 60 percent of the people who take it.
CMO is an all-natural oil found in certain animals like cows, whales, mice, and beavers. Harry W. Diehl, Ph.D., a researcher at the National Institutes of Health, first discovered it in 1972. It has been used in a lot of arthritis research over the last 25 years. |
| Glucosamine chondroitin Sulfate
Vets worry less about whether there are seventy-five randomized, controlled, double-blind studies on skin rashes. If the vitamin supplement works—and does no harm—the vets use it.
I was hearing about glucosamine from vets long before the medical establishment decided to get on board. It helps dogs—and people—with the pain, stiffness, and infirmity of arthritis. |
The Editors of FC&A
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| Glucosamine and chondroitin. Both compounds are made naturally in your body, helping it grow and strengthen cartilage. Some experts think getting more of them from supplements could slow or even repair the damage of mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA).
A number of studies show glucosamine and chondroitin improve arthritis symptoms, but critics argue that the research has been poorly done and that some studies were actually funded by companies that make the supplements.
Talk with your doctor to see if these supplements are right for you. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 It is like chondroitin sulfate. People said, "No, you never get any in." Maybe you do get two or three percent in. You certainly do not get, from a biochemical point of view, enough to make a big difference. It is probably that the body breaks it down to precursors then you can use those for rebuilding in the body. I think it is probably similar to that kind of process.
The other thing is, there are co-factors. He did three experiments. He just did B-complex and he did not see much. There was a little bit. Then he just did the RNA with the sardines or the yeast RNA, and he got good results. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Researchers now try to discredit glucosamine chondroitin sulfate supplements
Always working hard on new ways to discredit nutritional supplements, conventional medical researchers have now found a clever way to attack nutritional supplements used to treat joint pain. In what can only be called a fraudulently designed study, the Glucosamine-chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) compared these nutritional supplements with Celebrex, a prescription drug that only treats joint pain symptomatically and does nothing to rebuild cartilage or other tissue. |
The Editors of FC&A
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| It may also raise your blood sugar if you have diabetes, so monitor yourself carefully. chondroitin, on the other hand, may upset your stomach and could thin your blood, so avoid using it alongside blood-thinning medications like warfarin or aspirin.
And buyers beware - some glucosamine and chondroitin supplements contain dangerous amounts of manganese. Humans only need about 2 mg of this trace mineral each day. More could be toxic. Play it safe and only take these supplements under a doctor's supervision.
SAM-e. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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| Chondroitin sulfate is another building block of connective tissue. It actually stimulates the cartilage cells (called chondrocytes), and therefore works beautifully when paired with glucosamine to speed the regeneration and recovery of bone tissues. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 Asthma patients may be at risk for symptom exacerbation when taking the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin. Patients with diabetes should also be cautious, since glucosamine may affect insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance.
The most commonly reported adverse effects are gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, anorexia, and epigastric pain. Less than 1 % of patients have reported edema, tachycardia, drowsiness, insomnia, headache, erythema, and pruritus. |
Marshall Editions
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 Take 1,500 mg daily of glucosamine with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has natural anti-inflammatory benefits and contains the mineral sulfur, which can also be beneficial for shoulder pain. Take 4,000-8,000 mg daily. Take 4-6 g of fish oil a day to reduce inflammation and provide lubrication to the shoulder joints, but allow two to three months to see significant effects. If shoulder pain is linked to arthritis try taking 500 mg of niacinamide three times a day, as it has been clinically reported to help arthritic patients. Higher dosages should be supervised by a doctor. |
| Take 1,500 mg daily of glucosamine with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has natural anti-inflammatory benefits and contains the mineral sulfur, an important component of cartilage. Take 4,000-8,000 mg daily. Take 500 mg of niacinamide, which has been reported to help arthritic patients, three times a day. Higher dosages should be supervised by a doctor. Take 250 mg of sulfur four times a day as it is important for cartilage structure. Vitamin C is beneficial in collagen synthesis repair, a major component of bone. Take 1-3 g a day. |
| Take 1,500 mg of glucosamine daily with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Take 4,000-8,000 mg of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) a day for its natural anti-inflammatory benefits. Taking 4-6 g of fish oil a day also reduces inflammation, but allow two to three months to see significant effects. Niacinamide has been clinically reported to help arthritis, which can present as leg pain. Take 500 mg three times a day. Higher doses should be supervised by a doctor. |
David Winston, RH(AHG), and Steven Maimes
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 Two products, one containing eleuthero and schisandra, the other containing MSM and chondroitin, were suggested. An improvement was seen within a week, and the owner declared herself completely happy with these products' performance after two months. Mouse is now 95 percent sound and back to her old self according to her owner, "behaving more like a two-year-old than a twenty-two-year-old horse!"
ANIMAL COMPLIANCE
Animal compliance is as important as human compliance. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
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 GLUCOSAMINE AND CHONDROITIN
Ever since Jason Theodosakis, MD, wrote his giant bestseller, The Arthritis Cure, glucosamine and chondroitin (G&C) have been the most popular alternative treatments for osteoarthritis. The promise was that these dietary supplements would relieve pain and inflammation and repair damaged cartilage. How good is the evidence that G&C live up to this reputation?
Over the years there have been numerous studies published in medical journals. |
Marshall Editions
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| Take 1,500 mg of glucosamine daily with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Take 4,000-8,000 mg of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) a day for its I natural anti-inflammatory benefits. Niacinamide has been clinically reported to help arthritis, which can present as knee pain. Take 500 mg three times a day. Higher doses should be supervised by a doctor. Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is important for cartilage structure, and has also been shown to have benefits in arthritic patients. Take 250 mg four times a day. |
| Take 1,500 mg daily of glucosamine with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has natural anti-inflammatory benefits and contains the mineral sulfur, which is an important component of cartilage. Take 4,000-8,000 mg daily.
Herbs: Take 500 mg of bromelain three times a day for its natural anti-inflammatory effects. Cayenne cream can help to inhibit the transmission of pain messages to the brain. Apply the cream directly to the affected area two to four times a day. Devil's claw can help to ease pain in the joints. |
| Take 1,500 mg daily of glucosamine with 1,200 mg of chondroitin. Take 4,000-8,000 mg of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) a day; it has natural anti-inflammatory benefits and contains sulfur, an important component of cartilage. Take 4-6 g of fish oil a day to reduce inflammation and lubricate joints, but allow two to three months for the full effects to become noticeable. Niacinamide has been clinically reported to help arthritic patients. It can be taken at 500 mg three times a day, and higher dosages should be supervised by a doctor. |
Ray D. Strand
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 I have no problem if they also add 400 to 600 mg chondroitin sulfate or even 100 mg of MSM if the patients feel these help. I do not feel the medical evidence is strong enough at this time to absolutely recommend them as optimizers.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Again I add 1,500-2000 mg of glucosamine sulfate, 300 mg of CoQ10, 400 mg of grape-seed extract, and 200 mg of additional magnesium and calcium. And I increase the omega-3 fatty acids by adding 3 to 4 fish oil capsule or two teaspoons of cold-pressed flax seed daily. |
Bottom Line Health
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| Glucosamine and chondroitin, sold without a prescription, are among the building blocks of cartilage. Some osteoarthritis sufferers say that these supplements help. With your doctor's approval, you can try them if you want.
When meds no longer quell osteoarthritis pain, a trade-in may be the answer. Hip and knee replacement surgery, performed for more than 30 years, has advanced dramatically. Shoulder replacement has long been a possibility, as has elbow replacement—although the latter is not usually as successful.
On the horizon: Wrist and ankle replacement. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Eighteen patients with the disorder who tested positive to the potassium stimulation test received 40 mL chondroitin sulfate 0.2% intravesically once weekly for 4 weeks and then once monthly for 1 year in an open-label study. Of the 13 patients followed for the entire 13-month study, 6 showed good response, 4 had partial response, 2 had fair response, and 1 patient had no response. Patients with epithelial permeability as demonstrated by the positive potassium challenge test may be more likely to respond to treatment with glucosaminogly-cans (Steinhoff et al 2002). |
Bill Sardi
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 Health practices —J to prevent breast cancer:
If alcohol is consumed, consume red wine in moderation, supplement with folic acid
Avoid tobacco; if smoking, supplement with vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene, lutein, chondroitin sulfate. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Leffler CT, Philippi AF, Leffler SG et al: Glucosamine, chondroitin, and manganese ascorbate for degenerative joint disease of the knee or low back: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Mil Med; 164(2):85-91. 1999
McCarty MF: Glucosamine for wound healing. Med Hypotheses; 47:273-275. 1996
McAlindon T, Formica M, LaValley M et al: Effectiveness of glucosamine for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: results from an internet-based randomized double-blind controlled trial. Am J Med; 117:643-639. |
Bill Sardi
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| Tumor tissue from 86 patients with breast cancer that had not yet spread to lymph nodes was examined by staining the tissues so that each type of connective tissue component could be identified (versican, chondroitin sulfate, tenascin, and hyaluronan). Researchers at the Hanson Institute in Adelaide, Australia, said: "analyses indicated that elevated expression of versican predicted increased risk and rate of relapse in this cohort. Elevated expression of tenascin was predictive of increased risk and rate of death only...... |
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