Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Chondroitin sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan. A decrease in urinary oxalate levels should reduce the risk of stone formation.
In a double-blind trial, supplementation with 200 IU of synthetic vitamin E (page 609) pet day was found to reduce several risk factors for kidney stone formation in people with elevated levels of urinary oxalate.89
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Refer to the individual supplement for information about any side effects or interactions. | | The few doctors aware of these older clinical trials sometimes tell people with a history of heart disease or elevated cholesterol levels, to take approximately 500 mg of chondroitin sulfate three times per day.
Although lecithin (page 546) has been reported to increase HDL cholesterol and lower LDL cholesterol,266 a review of the research found that the positive effect of lecithin was likely due to the polyunsaturated fat content of the lecithin.267 If this is so, it would make more sense to use inexpensive vegetable oil, rather than take lecithin supplements. | | Other uses of chondroitin sulfate for sports and fitness, including prevention of joint pain or treatment of sports injuries, have not been studied.
CLA
Conjugated linoleic acid (page 499) (CLA) is a slightly altered form of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid. Animal research suggests an effect of CLA supplementation on reducing body fat.279, 280 Controlled human research has reported that 5.6 to 7.2 grams per day of CIA produces only non-significant gains in muscle size and strength in experienced and inexperienced weight-training men. | | However, further research is needed to determine the value of chondroitin sulfate supplements for preventing or treating atherosclerosis.
Preliminary studies have found that people who drink red wine, which contains resveratrol (page 581), are at lower risk of death from heart disease. Because of its antioxidant (page 467) activity and its effect on platelets, some researchers believe that resveratrol is the protective agent in red wine. | | IP-6 (page 539)
þftft
Calcium (page 483) (for people who are not hyperabsorbers of calcium)
chondroitin sulfate
(page 492) Fiber (page 512) Lemonade
Vitamin B( (page 600) Vitamin E (page 609)
Pumpkin seeds
(page 733)
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Kidney stones often cause severe back or flank pain (page 338), which may radiate down to the groin region. Sometimes kidney stones are accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, chills, fever, and blood in urine. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts |  Glucosamine & chondroitin from Amerifit
As directed on label.
A chewable formula that provides joint health. It also contains MSM.
Multienzyme complex
with bromelain
and pancreatin
As directed on label. Take with meals.
To aid digestion and relieve muscle tension and inflammation.
Vitamin B complex
As directed on label 3 times daily.
Needed for repair and to relieve stress in the back muscles. Use a high-stress formula high in vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and vitamin B12.
Vitamin C
with bioflavonoids
3,000-10,000 mg daily. |
Dr. Gary Null
See book keywords and concepts |  A study of chondroitin polysulfate showed that serum cholesterol was 10-20 percent lower and triglycerides were 27 percent lower for a treated group, as opposed to controls. Mean clotting time increased by 50 percent after 33 months of treatment.
K. Nakazawa and K. Murata, "The Therapeutic Effect of chondroitin Polysulfate in Elderly Athersclerotic Patients," Journal of International Medical Research 6, no. 3 (1978): 217-25.
Chondroitin-4 sulfate prolonged thrombus formation and reduced serum cholesterol, a study of 120 coronary heart disease patients showed. |
Michael Friedman, ND
See book keywords and concepts |  Other studies have found similar normalizing effects of various enzymes and chemicals of the kidney, heart, liver and brain, including hexuronic acid, hexoses, hexosamines, non-amino polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, and sialic acid.
In another study utilizing alloxan diabetic rabbits and one human patient, gymnema brought down the fasting blood glucose levels, together with serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, while improving serum protein levels. The hypoglycemic action took several weeks to develop. |
Bill Sardi
See book keywords and concepts |  Clinical Cancer Research 10: 2491-98, 2004]
In another study, researchers noted that" cancer patients with a scattered and weak HA staining had a significantly higher probability of recurrent disease and unfavorable outcome." [Oral Oncology 40:257-63, 2004] Low HA concentrations in cancer patients are indicative of poor outcomes.
The day is long overdue when oral HA is used to intercept cancer cells. i I 1 '
Melatonin: The sleep hormone that prolongs survival
Cancer is related to sleep. People who sleep less are at greater risk for cancer. | | Blocking the cancer receptor site
The Winnipeg Free Press in Canada reported a startling story of widespread interest on July 15th, 1995. The report said Manitoba scientists found they can stop the spread of cancer in mice by turning off a cancer cell's sensing ability. Sensors, called receptor sites, on the surface of living cells, are able to be knocked out and completely block the spread of a tumor. The knocked-out receptors later return to normal when the cancer risk has subsided. It's like pulling blinders over a cell. Tumor cells just die once they are blinded. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  For the study as a whole, the supple-
THE GRAEDONS' G&C GUIDELINES
If you have mild knee arthritis, glucosamine and chondroitin probably won't do you much good. If you're really hurting, these dietary supplements might help somewhat. They're worth a try for a few months to see whether you get relief.
Adverse events appear to be "generally mild." Please have your cholesterol levels measured before starting on G&C and periodically thereafter to make sure they don't go up while on these supplements. |
John Croft
See book keywords and concepts |  Glucosamine forms the initial building unit for the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate, one of the mucopolysaccharides, although it first becomes galactosamine because chondroitin sulfate is made up of a chain of galactosamine molecules. Hyaluromic acid, however, another beneficial mucopolysaccharide, is made up of glucosamine molecules.
If the mucopolysaccharide molecules are then coupled with protein molecules, a new molecule called a. proteoglycan is formed. The proteoglycans are important space-filling molecules in what is known as the extracellular matrix. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Subjects were randomly assigned to receive glucosamine, chondroitin, G&C together, Celebrex, or placebo. Investigators were looking for a relatively modest 20 percent improvement in knee pain by the end of 6 months.
The envelope was opened at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology. Daniel Clegg, MD, chief of the Division of Rheumatology at the University of Utah School of Medicine, announced the findings: "As expected, celecoxib [Celebrex] improved knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. | | The investigators did report that "an exploratory analysis suggested that the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin might be effective in osteoarthritis patients who had moderate to severe knee pain." This subset of patients with worse pain did appear to get statistically significant benefit: 79.2 percent on G&C experienced pain relief compared to 69.4 percent on Celebrex and 54.3 percent on placebo. These results were not overwhelming, though, since the researchers were careful to qualify the data as "exploratory" and the result as "might be effective. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | For detailed discussions of these nutrients, please see the individual articles for glucosamine sulfate (page 528) and chondroitin sulfate (page 492).
Glucosamine is a simple molecule that is available as a supplement in several forms: glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride and N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG [page 564]). The glucosamine sulfate (GS) form (stabilized with a mineral salt, such as sodium chloride or potassium chloride) is the only form consistently shown in clinical trials to be effective for people with osteoarthritis (OA [page 328]). |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  May use in combination with chondroitin sulfate, 800 to 1,200 mg per day.
Other Recommendations:
• Vitamin E, 400 to 800 IU per day.
• Selenium, 100 to 200 meg per day.
• Vitamin C, 500 to 1,000 mg, 2 times a day (to strengthen connective tissue).
• Multiple vitamin/mineral (adjust doses of other nutrients according to the amounts in the multiple).
• S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), 400 to 600 mg per day, in selected cases, with medical super vision.
Osteoporosis
S>9' osteoporosis is defined as thin or porous bones. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts |  Some experts recommend taking the structural raw materials such as glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM in supplement form to support a healthy spine.
See also the entry for Bones.
Thymus
The thymus gland orchestrates the work of the immune system. It is located in the upper chest, behind the breastbone, and has two lobes that join in front of the trachea. Each lobe is made of lymphoid tissue, consisting of tightly packed white blood cells and fat. It transforms lymphocytes (white blood cells developed in the bone marrow) into T cells (cells developed in the thymus). |
Mark Stengler, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Occasionally, however, when 1 have a patient who doesn't respond so well as I would like to glucosamine sulfate, I'll also recommend a combination with chondroitin sulfate—and sometimes the two, taken together, produce a better effect.
There's certainly no harm in trying the combination (though cost may be a consideration). The daily dosage recommended for chondroitin sulfate is 1,200 milligrams.
Other supplements may be beneficial as well. For some patients I recommend MSM and SAMe in additional to glucosamine sulfate. |
Dr. Gary Null
See book keywords and concepts | | Murata, "The Therapeutic Effect of chondroitin Polysulfate in Elderly Athersclerotic Patients," Journal of International Medical Research 6, no. 3 (1978): 217-25.
Chondroitin-4 sulfate prolonged thrombus formation and reduced serum cholesterol, a study of 120 coronary heart disease patients showed. Also, the treated group had fewer abnormal cardiac events over 6 years (10 percent versus 70 percent for the control group); and a lower death rate (7 percent versus 23 percent for the controls).
K. Izuka and K. Murata, Experientia 29 (1973): 255-57. |
Elson M. Haas, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Mucopolysaccharides and collagen help hold our tissues together. chondroitin sulfates may be an antiaging nutrient as well as support or increase production of seminal fluid in men, and may have mild aphrodisiac effects. These chondroitin sulfate/mucopolysaccharide products have been used in the treatment of various conditions, including headaches, arthritis, bursitis, ulcers, respiratory diseases, angina, and allergies. | | O A FEW OTHERS chondroitin Sulfates—
Mucopolysaccharides and Glycosaminoglycans
There are substances present in the cartilaginous tissue between joints and concentrated in the artery walls. They are not essential nutritionally in that our body makes them. The commercially available mucopolysaccharide products are high in silicon, a mineral important to tissue strength and health. Mussels and oysters contain these chondroitin sulfates. A supplement extracted from green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus, is high in mucopolysaccharides and is currently available. |
Stanley W. Jacob, M.D., Ronald M. Lawrence, M.D., Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  In my experience, chondroitin sulfate, another nutritional supplement said to promote healthy cartilage, has not proven to offer any significant clinical benefits. Scientific research indicates that chondroitin is generally not well absorbed.
Perspective # 3—Ephrain Olszewer, M.D.
In Brazil, Efrain Olszewer, M.D., director of the International Preventive Medicine Clinic in Sao Paulo, has been testing MSM on arthritic patients for more than a year.
"We wanted to see if arthritics could be maintained on MSM alone, without any medication such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatories," says Olszewer. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
See book keywords and concepts |  The researchers concluded that glucosamine sulfate rebuilt damaged cartilage, thereby reducing pain and other symptoms.37 chondroitin sulfate is another supplement, often taken in conjunction with glucosamine, which seems to protect joints from breaking down.While there is debate about the body's ability to absorb chondroitin orally, injectable forms have proven quite effective.
Calcium and magnesium are also vital nutrients in the fight against arthritis. |
Gary Null
See book keywords and concepts |  Steenblock explains this therapy:
"What we are talking about is a particular substance called chondroitin sulfate, which is a type of proteoglycan. In the person with osteoarthritis these substances gradually diminish in concentration in the joint as the joint becomes worn. If the chondroitin sulfate could be put back into the joint, this would allow for an inhibition of the calcification process and also smooth out and seal the irregularities, the cracks, and the irritations which have occurred through time with wear and tear. | | Over the past 10 years or so, chondroitin sulfate has been used in both Europe and Japan for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and also atherosclerosis. Again, there is a great similarity between osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in the sense that both result from the wear and tear caused by irritative substances in the body. We need to protect these collagen surfaces from the irritative substances which circulate in the blood and ultimately get into the joint...
"Chondroitin sulfate appears to be one of the best treatments for both arthritis and vascular disease. | | Chondroitin is synthesized to glucosamine in your joints. chondroitin is one of the molecular "cements" or "glues" that holds together cartilage and lets the collagen protein be laid down, forming the actual tissue.
Another interesting finding has been the value of our friend vitamin C. This should be taken as 4,000 mg/day in two or three doses with meals. We have thought about using C for many other problems, but is it also a very important nutrient for the joints. Along with glucosamine, it is the only other substance that can stimulate the cartilage to repair itself. |
John Croft
See book keywords and concepts | | The same glycosaminoglycans are present in shark cartilage and they provide the very same function in the joints. chondroitin sulfate is by far the most abundant glycosaminoglycan present, comprising about 80 percent of the glycosaminoglycan content. In addition, the glycosaminoglycans serve to inhibit cartilage degradation by inhibiting the activity of the particular enzymes that cause this. These enzymes are called metalloproteinases and elastases and they facilitate the natural breakdown of cartilage. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Chondroitin sulfate is composed of repeating units of derivatives of glucosamine sulfate with attached sugar molecules. Although all of these GAG preparations are popular, they are less effective than glucosamine sulfate. Better results are seen with glucosamine sulfate primarily due to better absorption.
While the absorption rate of glucosamine sulfate is ninety to ninety-eight percent, the absorption of intact chondroitin sulfate is estimated to be anywhere from zero to thirteen percent.27"29 The difference in absorption is largely due to the difference in size. |
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