Elson M. Haas, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  The mucopoly-saccharides may contain chondroitin sulfate, which is important to joint tissues.
Sulfur is important to cellular respiration, as it is needed in the oxidation-reduction reactions that help the cells utilize oxygen, which aids brain function and all cell activity. These reactions are dependent on cysteine, which also helps the liver produce bile secretions and eliminate other toxins. L-cysteine is thought to generally help body detoxification mechanisms through the tripeptide compound, glutathione. | | This mineral is also present with the chondroitin sulfates of cartilage, and it works with calcium to help restore bones.
Silicon is also thought to radiate or transmit energy in its crystalline structure, as in quartz crystal. It is thought by some to be able to deeply penetrate the tissues and help to clear stored toxins. The "silicea" tissue salt, a homeopathic remedy, is described poetically as acting like a "microscopic surgeon."
Uses: Silicon is often used in herbal remedies to promote strength in the hair, skin, and nails. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Sulfate residues are present on C-4 of the galactosamine residues in one type of chondroitin and on C-6 in another. Glucosamine sulfate is a simple molecule composed of glucose, the amino acid glutamine, and a sulfate group. Other sulfated proteoglycans include dermatan sulfates, keratan sulfates, and heparan sulfates.
High levels of homocysteine are likely to negatively impact the formation of the sulfated amino sugars because, although some sulfates are present in the diet, the sulfoxidation of cysteine is an important source of sulfate molecules. | | Similar, but not nearly as impressive, results in the treatment of atherosclerosis have been noted with chondroitin sulfate at a daily dose of 3 g (1 g with meals, three times daily).29
Liver extracts
Hydrolyzed liver extracts have been used to treat chronic liver diseases since 1896. Numerous scientific investigations into the therapeutic efficacy of liver extracts have demonstrated that these extracts improve fat utilization, promote tissue regeneration, and prevent damage to the liver. | | Aortic glycosaminoglycans
A mixture of highly purified bovine-derived glycosaminoglycans naturally present in the aorta, including dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and related hexosaminoglycans, has been shown to protect and promote normal artery and vein function. | | IMPACT OF HOMOCYSTEINE ON KEY NUTRIENTS
Because of its central role in sulfur and methyl group metabolism, elevated levels of homocysteine would be expected to negatively impact the biosynthesis of all of the following: SAM, carnitine, chondroitin sulfates, coenzyme A, coenzyme Q10, creatine, cysteine, dimethyl-glycine, epinephrine, glucosamine sulfate, glutathione, glycine, melatonin, pantethine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, serine, and taurine. | | The therapeutic effect of chondroitin polysulphate in elderly atherosclerotic patients. J Int Med Res 1978; 6: 217-225
30. Nagai K. A study of the excretory mechanism of the liver - effect of liver hydrolysate on BSP excretion. Jap J Gastroenterol 1970; 67: 633-638
31. Ohbayashi A, Akioka T, Tasaki H. A study of effects of liver hydrolysate on hepatic circulation. J Therapy 1972; 54: 1582-1585
32. Sanbe K. Treatment of liver disease - with particular reference to liver hydrolysates. Jap J Clin Exp Med 1973; 50: 2665-2676
33. Fujisawa K. | | In addition to sulfur playing a critical role in the manufacture of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate, sulfur has been shown to inhibit the various enzymes which lead to cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (e.g. collagenase, elastases, and hyaluronidase).16,19
Because one of the primary effects of glucosamine sulfate is to promote the manufacture of GAGs, a lack of the sulfur moiety may mean less GAG synthesis when glucosamine HCI is used. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 2Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | The few clinical studies that have been done with orally administered chondroitin sulfate demonstrate that it is less effective than glucosamine sulfate.32-35 Far more impressive results have been achieved with glucosamine sulfate. Glucosamine sulfate is faster acting and provides much greater overall benefit.
Niacinamide
In the 1940s and 1950s, Dr William Kaufman, and later Dr Abram Hoffer, reported very good clinical results in the treatment of hundreds of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using high-dose niacinamide (i.e. 900-4,000 mg/day in divided doses). | | Comparision of the antiinflammatory efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac sodium in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 1385-1391
36. Kaufman W. The common form of joint dysfunction: its incidence and treatment. Brattleboro, VT: EL Hildreth Co. 1949
37. Hoffer A. Treatment of arthritis by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Can Med Assoc J 1959; 81: 235-239
38. Jonas WB, Rapoza CP, Blair WF. The effect of niacinamide on osteoarthritis. A pilot study. Inflamm Res 1996; 45: 330-334
39. Harmand MF et al. | | The therapeutic effect of chondroitin polysulphate in elderly atherosclerotic patients. J Int Med Res 1978; 6: 217-225
111. DeFeudis FV, ed. Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761). Pharmacological activities and clinical applications. Paris: Elsevier. 1991
112. Funfgeld EW, ed. Rokan (Ginkgo Biloba). Recent results in pharmacology and clinic. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1988
113. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba. Lancet 1992; 340:1136-1139
114. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Br J Clinical Pharmacol 1992; 34: 352-358
115. Graboys TD et al. | | Glycosaminoglycans
A mixture of highly purified bovine-derived glycosaminoglycans naturally present in the aorta, including dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and related hexosaminoglycans, has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation as well as protecting and promoting normal artery and vein function. |
James A. Duke, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Some people combine glucosamine with chondroitin, another safe in turmeric, curcumin, has potent anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. In some studies, curcumin has been shown to be as effective an anti-inflammatory as ibuprofen and cortisone. It works like the COX-2 inhibitors cele-coxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx), but unlike the pharmaceuticals, it has minimal side effects.
Curcumin is available in some health food stores. Naturopathic physicians recommend taking 400 milligrams three times a day as a treatment for osteoarthritis. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 2Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin 4-sulfate are the major glycosaminoglycans present. Stabilization of collagen is the major treatment goal outlined below. |
Elson M. Haas, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Mucopolysaccharides, or chondroitin sulfates, may have a role in reducing inflammation, which can be a culprit in aging, and in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and arthritis. These substances, found in mussels and oysters, also help keep the collagen tissues and cells strong. Though the research so far has not substantiated the usefulness of mucopolysaccharides, the clinical responses have been favorable.
• Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzyme support may be helpful, particularly if these substances are deficient in our bodies. |
Sheldon Saul Hendler
See book keywords and concepts |  Recently a new drug has been approved by the FDA that combines a form of hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate) with chondroitin sulfate (see discussion of that substance elsewhere). This drug (Viscoat) is injected into the eye to protect against corneal loss during cataract surgery and artificial lens implantation.
There are early indications that Viscoat may also be useful in the treatment of arthritis, acting as a long-lasting lubricant when injected into affected joints. More research will have to be done on this issue before Viscoat can be sold for this use, as well. | | See discussion of hyaluronic acid, this section, for news of a drug that combines chondroitin sulfate with hyaluronic acid.)
Deaner (DMAE)
(Life Shortener?)
"Deaner" and "Deanol" were the registered names of prescription drugs that contain dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), thought to be a precursor of acetylcholine (see discussion of choline elsewhere in this book). Like choline, DMAE has been used to treat various disorders of the nervous system. It appears to have a beneficial role in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and Huntington's chorea. | | Substances analyzed in this chapter include:
Aspirin Bee and Flower Pollens BHA and BHT Charcoal chondroitin Sulfate Deaner Dextran Sulfate DHEA
DMSO
Experimental Immunomodulators Fruit Acids Gerovital H3 Glandulars Hyaluronic Acid Hyperbaric Oxygen Memory Enhancers Minoxidil and Other Baldness Remedies Oscillococcinum Oxygen Therapies Sanguinaria and Other Plaque Fighters Superoxide Dismutase Testosterone and Steroids Thymic Therapies Transfer Factor
Aspirin
(The Once and Future "Miracle" Drug)
Aspirin, the original "miracle" drug, continues to surprise all of us. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
See book keywords and concepts |  While there is debate about the body's ability to absorb chondroitin orally, injectable forms have proven quite effective.
Calcium and magnesium are also vital nutrients in the fight against arthritis. Calcium is essential for bone, joint, muscle, and ligament health, while magnesium is necessary for calcium's proper incorporation into bone, by preventing a buildup of calcium in the soft tissues and joints. Most people, though, consume too much calcium and not enough magnesium. | | Sea cucumbers also contain GAGs and chondroitin, which are important components of cartilage tissue.33 A typical recommended dose is 500 mg twice a day. Precautions: People with seafood or shellfish allergies should not take sea cucumber.
I.William Lane, Ph.D., author of Sharks Don't Get Cancer, reports that shark cartilage in capsule form is now being used to combat the pain of arthritis. Shark cartilage contains large amounts of mucopolysaccharides (carbohydrates that form chemical bonds with water), which stimulate the immune system and reduce the pain and inflammation of arthritis. |
Stanley W. Jacob, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Scientific research indicates that chondroitin is generally not well absorbed.
Perspective # 3—Ephrain Olszewer, M.D.
In Brazil, Efrain Olszewer, M.D., director of the International Preventive Medicine Clinic in Sao Paulo, has been testing MSM on arthritic patients for more than a year.
"We wanted to see if arthritics could be maintained on MSM alone, without any medication such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatories," says Olszewer. "The results to date are good in 90 percent of the cases. | | Patients have frequently asked my opinion about chondroitin sulfate, another popular nutritional supplement suggested for arthritis. I have not seen patients improve after adding chon-droitin sulfate, however.
MSM often allows patients on medication to reduce the number of pain pills they need and sometimes even eliminate them. If you are on medicarion, always consult your physician first before modifying or stopping a prescription. Some individuals have been taking cortisone for many years for its anti-inflammatory effect. |
Gale Maleskey
See book keywords and concepts |  You'll see strange names like phosphatidylserine and chondroitin sulfate, mysterious abbreviations like DHEA, or headline-grabbing labels like melatonin and shark cartilage.
How do we classify these other supplements that are neither vitamins, minerals, nor herbs?
There are so many different kinds that they defy a single classification. Since all of them are in some stage of being tested, challenged, advertised, and marketed, however, it seems simplest to call them emerging supplements.
Many of the emerging supplements are almost literally new inventions. | | Some manufacturers use cartilage powders and claim that their products have chondroitin."
Land Sharks
You'll see shark cartilage powders and capsules in the natural foods aisle and in some mail-order catalogs. By Dr. Lane's estimation, as many as 95 percent of these supplements may be worthless because they have been denatured—that is, their molecular form has been altered during processing, making them largely ineffective against cancer and other illnesses. | | The second substance that may play a role, chondroitin sulfate, is actually built up from glucosamine. "If glucosamine is the two-by-four used
Still, arthritis is the leading cause of disability among Americans over age 15. Osteoarthritis, the most common form, affects 20.7 million people. While there aren't any miracle cures, there's a lot you can do to minimize the damage.
The Basics of Care
First, maintain a healthy weight, doctors suggest, since people with osteoarthritis are more likely to be overweight. | | Das, people with osteoarthritis were given two tablets containing 500 milligrams of glucosamine hydrochloride and 400 milligrams of chondroitin sulfate in the morning and evening. For people with mild to moderate arthritis, the supplements decreased pain and allowed them to decrease the amount of anti-inflammatory medication they used. They did not help people who already had severe arthritis in a joint?that is, bone rubbing on bone.
Scientists believe that glucosamine somehow stimulates the cartilage cells to produce two important compounds that are the building blocks of cartilage. | | If you've been diagnosed with arthritis, get your doctor's approval first, then take 500 milligrams of glucosamine and 400 milligrams of chondroitin sulfate twice a day, says Dr. Das. From the time you start the double dose, allow from two weeks to four months to let the supplements do their work. You can continue to take them indefinitely.
Although the patients in Dr. Das's study took glucosamine hydrochloride, many naturopathic physicians typically recommend taking glucosamine sulfate because it is the type that has been tested most thoroughly in clinical trials. | | Whereas glucosamine may help with the rebuilding of cartilage to keep up with its breakdown, chondroitin may actually decrease the breakdown, says Dr. Das, swimming, and biking are best at strengthening muscles and are easy on your joints. Stronger muscles help protect the joints by providing support and added stability.
Exercise also helps the joints absorb fluid and needed nutrients. Unlike muscle or bone, cartilage doesn't get its nutrients from blood. It soaks them up like a sponge from the fluid surrounding the joint. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 2Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | In addition to vitamin C and CoQ10, a mixture of highly purified bovine-derived glycosaminoglycans naturally present in the aorta, including dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and related hexosaminoglycans, is also of benefit in preventing re-perfusion injury and restoring proper structure, integrity, and function of the coronary vascular endothelium.13 The dosage of purified aortic GAGs is 100 mg daily. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
See book keywords and concepts |  May be mutagenic. chondroitin • A major constituent of cartilage in the body. CHONDRUS • See Carrageenan.
CHROMIC ACID • See Chromium Compounds.
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS • Oxides. Chromium occurs in the earth's crust. Chromic oxide is used for green eye shadow and chromium oxide for greenish mascara. Inhalation of chromium dust can cause irritation and ulceration. Ingestion results in violent gastrointestinal irritation. Application to the skin may result in allergic reaction. The most serious effect of chromium is lung cancer, which may develop 20 to 30 years after exposure. |
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