Sheldon Saul Hendler
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 Fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, E and D, on the other hand, are often conveniently packaged in gelatin capsules, and these are hne, too. The capsules, in fact, often obviate the need for additional preservatives because they provide such a good seal by themselves. Powders, crystals and granules are often the forms in which vitamin C is sold in larger quantities. Generally these forms will have no additives at all, which is certainly an advantage. Cost is usually lower, too. |
Marion Nestle
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 Most members were not convinced that any serious harm would result from the losses of fat-soluble vitamins or carotenes. They also believed that the warning notice was sufficient to handle concerns about gastrointestinal distress. Thus both FDA advisory committees recommended approval, although some members sharply dissented.
On January 24, 1996, the FDA announced approval of olestra for use in savory snacks, but with some provisos. P&G would need to formulate olestra to meet certain specifications for composition and stiffness. |
Ronald Klatz and Robert Goldman
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 Natural fats provide a concentrated form of energy and create the environment in which fat-soluble vitamins, such as A and E, can be digested. They also provide the essential fatty acids, which the body uses to maintain its cellular structure.
Fats come in two forms: saturated, from dairy, meat, and fish products; and unsaturated, from vegetable and fish oils. Here are some forms in which fat can be useful to your body:
• Cod liver oil This form of fat contains essential fatty acids that convert into chemicals that protect your heart. |
Marion Nestle
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| Olestra reduces absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Olestra reduces absorption of carotenoids and, presumably, other fat-soluble antioxidants and phytochemicals. The effects of reduced absorption of fat-soluble nutrients on disease risks are unknown.
It is not known whether olestra is effective in inducing weight loss or reducing risk factors for chronic diseases.
Concerns about scientific studies conducted by P&G The studies were of short duration.
Doses of olestra were lower than those likely to be consumed. The studies involved too few people. |
| This method could not be used to find out whether olestra induced diarrhea or depleted fat-soluble vitamins, because animals could not be forced to eat enough of it. P&G needed to develop different types of methods for evaluating safety, and the FDA needed to establish new regulatory standards for a product that could not be tested in routine ways. Over the years, P&G and FDA "learned together" how to approach these tasks.3
The 30-year saga of bringing olestra to market begins with P&G's first discussions with the FDA in 1971. |
| Its use in snacks might help some people reduce their intake of fat and calories—and, perhaps, their body weight and certain chronic disease risk factors—but its effects on absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals might interfere with the health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, foods containing olestra may not contain fat, but they do contain calories—and plenty of them; olestra saves just one-third to one-half the calories of natural-fat products. |
Ruth Winter
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 Food fats are carriers of fat-soluble vitamins and include certain essential unsaturated fatty acids (see). Saturated fats contain only single-bond carbon linkages and are the least active chemically. They are usually solid at room temperature. Most animal fats are saturated. The common saturated fats are acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic. Butterfat, coconut oil, and peanut oil are high in saturated fats. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double-bond carbon linkages and are usually liquid at room temperature. |
| Each of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D. E, and K has a distinct and separate physiologic role. Several are among those supporting antioxidant efforts to depress the effects of metabolic byproducts called free radicals, which are thought to cause degenerative changes related to aging. Most of the water-soluble vitamins are components of essential enzyme systems. Many are involved in the reactions supporting energy metabolism. These vitamins are not normally stored in the body in appreciable amounts and are normally excreted in small quantities in the urine. |
| The RDI for fat-soluble vitamins are expressed in International Units (IU), an old system of measurement. The current RDA and tables of food composition use a more accurate system of measurement. Equivalent values are as follows: for vitamin A, 875 ug RE: for vitamin D, 6.5 tig; for vitamin E, 9 mg alpha-TE.
Daily Reference Values
Food Component
DRV
Calculation
Fat
65 g
30% of kcalories
Saturated fat
20 g
10% of kcalories
Cholesterol
300 mg
Same regardless of kcalories
Carbohydrate (total)
300 g
60% of kcalories
Fiber
25 g
11. |
| On the basis of the available toxicological data and the long history of use of konjac in food, the Committee allocated temporary ADI (see) "not specified" for konjac flour and said a review should be done of konjac's affect on vitamin E and other fat-soluble vitamins. Also, it was noted that consumption of dry konjac has been associated with obstruction of the esophagus and that it should be consumed only in hydrated form. KONNYAKU • See Konjac Flour.
KOSHER • Parv. U. Hebrew word meaning "proper" or "fit," used especially for food prepared according to Orthodox dietary and religious laws. |
Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.
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 Water-soluble vitamins are usually measured in milligrams or micrograms. fat-soluble vitamins are usually measured in International Units or IUs.
Minerals—Minerals are naturally occurring chemical elements found throughout the human body in the bones, muscles, teeth, blood and nerve cells. Minerals help to maintain a normal water balance within the body, and are involved in virtually every activity from immune function to the beating of our hearts. |
Sheldon Saul Hendler and David Rorvik
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 Olestra: The fat substitute olestra inhibits the absorption of vitamin E, as well as the other fat-soluble vitamins A, D and K, carotenoids and flavonoids. Vitamins A, D, E (alpha-tocopherol) and K are added to olestra to partly compensate for this.
HERBS
Some herbs, including garlic and ginkgo, possess antithrombotic activity. High doses of vitamin E used at the same time as these herbs may enhance their antithrombotic activity.
OVERDOSAGE
There are no reports of overdosage with vitamin E in any form.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
There are several forms of vitamin E available commercially. |
Donald R. Yance, j r.,C.N., M.H., A.H.G., with Arlene Valentine
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 Olestra, when traveling through the body, takes with it the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and it also reduces circulating levels of carotenoids, including beta-carotene and lycopene. As little as six potato chips containing 3 grams of Olestra can reduce the absorption of carotenoids by 38 percent.
Avoid canned foods. They are inferior to fresh in everyway, including taste. Canned foods lack many important nutrients, and a significant percentage of cans (as high as 85 percent) are lined with a plastic coating. |
James Braly M.D. and Ron Hoggan M.A.
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 Absorption of nutrients, especially fats and fat-soluble vitamins, is compromised by the simple reduction of absorptive surfaces in a damaged intestinal lining. As a consequence, malabsorption has continued to be identified as the primary feature of celiac disease; this is often thought to explain most, if not all, of its symptoms and signs. Again, this incomplete perception has led to the erroneous conclusion that patients with celiac disease must, by definition, be skinny, pale, overtly undernourished, and with a plethora of abdominal symptoms. |
Gary Null
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 What this means is that your body does not store up a reserve of B vitamins as it stores a reserve of the fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, and E. You need B vitamins every day, and if you should wash them out of your body by drinking a lot of coffee and tea or alcohol or perspiring heavily, you need them even more. Stress—physical, psychological, emotional—is another reason to increase your intake.
As you can see, there are times when you would need more B vitamins than normal. A business convention or a visit home for the holidays are good examples. |
Sheldon Saul Hendler and David Rorvik
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| HIV protease inhibitor amprenavir) and fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin D.
TPGS is synthesized by esterifying d-alpha tocopheryl succinate with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 (the molecular weight of PEG 1000 is approximately 1,000 daltons). It is a pale yellow, waxy solid substance that is amphipathic and hydrophilic. Its molecular weight is approximately 1,513 daltons. d-alpha-tocopherol comprises 26% of TPGS. TPGS is also known as d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and d-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1000 succinate. |
Michael Lerner
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 Various nutrients, such as the fat-soluble vitamins A and E, and trace minerals, including selenium, working in combination, can boost both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune functions and increase the antigenicity of tumor cells. This has value not only as a protective measure against cancer but also as a therapeutic measure for cancer patients whose immune functions have been impaired through malnutrition, conventional treatment, or the effects of the disease itself. |
Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D.
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 Vitamin K: fat-soluble vitamins required for synthesis in the liver of a substance required for blood clotting. Produced by many plants and microorganisms, including some normally found in the gut.
Vitamin: an organic substance that is not normally made by an animal but has to be obtained from the environment in tiny amounts. Lack of a vitamin generally results in a specific deficiency disease. |
| Lipids: a broad category of organic compounds, including fats, waxes, steroids, the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), prostaglandins, carotenes and chlorophylls.
Upo poly saccharide: see Endotoxin.
Lipoprotein: a mixture of protein and lipids important in many biological reactions.
Lymph: clear fluid found in the vessels of the lymphatic system. Responsible for returning proteins from the tissue fluid to the blood.
Lymphoctyes: one kind of leukocyte (white blood cell) which plays a crucial role in immunity. There are two main varieties: T-cells and B-cells. |
James Trefil
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 You may recall that there was some controversy about the decision because this sort of substitute removes some fat-soluble vitamins from the body and, in a few cases, seems to cause diarrhea in users.
And who knows ?perhaps one day when the waiter tells you that the cheesecake has no calories, he may actually be telling the truth.
Can We Live Forever? during the Bronze Age, you could expect, at birth, to live eighteen years. By the Middle Ages this expectation had climbed to thirty-three years. |
Thomas Bartram
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 A sufficiency is necessary to obtain the maximum effect of fat-soluble vitamins A, E, carotene and D.
A useful supplement for hardening of the arteries, angina; as a preventative of strokes, heart attacks, skin troubles, gall stones (chiefly made of cholesterol), congested liver, anxiety, depression and Alzheimer's disease.
Lecithin belongs to a group of chemicals known as phospholipids, components of the body's cell membranes.
Dosage: one to two tablespoons daily.
LEG ULCER. See: VARICOSE ULCER.
LEGIONNAIRE'S DISEASE. |
H.J. Roberts, M.D.
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 Laxative products containing aspartame and other substitutes for sugar and fat might result in the malabsorption of food nutrients and fat-soluble vitamins and minerals (Chapter 19).
It would seem axiomatic that these considerations should be addressed before the wholesale release of synthetic food substitutes, particularly if large pre-marketing studies on humans had not been performed (as in the case of aspartame.) I have repeatedly emphasized (Chapter 30) that animal experiments are not reliable for several reasons, including differences in metabolism and life span. |
Ralph Moss, PhD
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 Note: you should not take high doses of fat-soluble vitamins, such as A and E, unless under a doctor's care, since they can accumulate in the body and become toxic.
After these studies were done, it was business as usual in the world of conventional cancer treatment. No follow-up studies were done and few cancer patients have ever heard about it. Only holistic physicians such as Robert Atkins, M.D. have publicized this information in their books and lectures to bolster patients' chances of success in beating cancer. (19)
3. |
J. E. Williams, O.M.D.
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 It is the premier fat-soluble antioxidant (as vitamin C is the most important water-soluble antioxidant). fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins E, D, A, and K) dissolve in the presence of fats and oils, and are stored in the body7s fatty tissues and the liver. Vitamin E is not a single substance, but a group of compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols.
Alpha-tocopherol is the most abundant and most biologically active form. |
James Braly M.D. and Ron Hoggan M.A.
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| One or more of the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin E included, have been reported to be deficient in celiacs. However, caution is also important in taking vitamin E supplementation. These vitamins are stored in body fat, and toxic accumulations may occur.
Vitamin D Supplementation
Vitamin D deficiency is thought to be a causative factor in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, psychological depression, suicide, and colon cancer. Low blood and tissue levels have been reported in untreated celiacs.
The safest, cheapest source of this vitamin is exposure to sunlight. |
Gary Null
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| And finally, it can attack and destroy the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Because of its role as an antioxidant, selenium is very important in preventing a wide variety of degenerative diseases, in protecting your immune system, and even in ridding your body of toxic metals.
Where Does Selenium Work?
Now that we have seen where selenium works on a microscopic level, let's take a look at the larger picture of this mighty trace mineral's activity. Selenium is at work in every cell of your body, but its functions are of special importance in the following places.
• Heart. |
Larry Trivieri, Jr.
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 The liver becomes damaged and cannot perform its many functions: storage and filtering of blood, production of bile (which helps digest fat and fat-soluble vitamins), and many metabolic actions like the conversion of sugar into glycogen (the form in which carbohydrates are stored in the body for energy; thus, another classic symptom of liver disease is extreme fatigue).
SYMPTOMS: Cirrhosis of the liver usually has a very long period of latency, meaning no overt symptoms. |
Gary Null
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 We need it in small amounts because it allows us to use the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are essential for the health of our immune system. These vitamins only work when in the presence of fatty molecules or tissue. Fat helps prevent viral infections, protects our heart, blood vessels, and internal organs, slows down the aging process, and helps keep skin healthy. Most importantly, fats, like carbohydrates, are a usable and essential source of energy. They serve as a reserve supply of energy deposited in various parts of the body called adipose tissue. |
Earl Mindell
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 The terminology for measuring vitamin activity is not as confusing as you might think. fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D, and K) are usually measured in International Units (IU). But a few years ago, an expert committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) decided to change this order of measurement for vitamin A. Instead of using International Units, they proposed that vitamin A be evaluated in terms of retinol equivalents (RE), that is, the equivalent weight of retinol (vitamin Al, alcohol) actually absorbed and converted. |
Jean Antonello
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 Finally, natural fat-soluble vitamins are found in dietary animal and vegetable fat.
When people struggling to overcome eating problems continue to keep fat entirely out of their diets, they usually battle cravings. Fat intake is the last bastion of control, and their bodies send signals that something is missing. We should not just drop everything we've learned about the benefits of lowering dietary fat, but there is a healthful middle ground. Unfortunately, people on the Cycles are not very good at the middle ground. They seem to do better and feel safer at one extreme or another. |
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